5.5 Metre Class Sailors
   HOME

TheInfoList



OR:

''Twilight of the Innocents'' is the fifth studio album by Irish
rock Rock most often refers to: * Rock (geology), a naturally occurring solid aggregate of minerals or mineraloids * Rock music, a genre of popular music Rock or Rocks may also refer to: Places United Kingdom * Rock, Caerphilly, a location in Wales ...
band
Ash Ash or ashes are the solid remnants of fires. Specifically, ''ash'' refers to all non-aqueous, non- gaseous residues that remain after something burns. In analytical chemistry, to analyse the mineral and metal content of chemical samples, ash ...
. It was released on 29 June 2007, through
Infectious Records An infection is the invasion of tissues by pathogens, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce. An infectious disease, also known as a transmissible disease or communicable di ...
. Following the departure of guitarist
Charlotte Hatherley Charlotte Franklin Hatherley (born 20 June 1979) is an English singer, songwriter, guitarist and soundtrack composer. She initially came to prominence as guitarist and backing vocalist for alternative rock band Ash. Since leaving Ash in 2006, sh ...
in early 2006, the band began recording their next album in New York City at Bang Studios, which they had leased from a friend of a friend. Frontman
Tim Wheeler Timothy James Arthur Wheeler (born 4 January 1977) is a Northern Irish singer, songwriter, and musician for the alternative rock band Ash. He has written nearly all of Ash's notable works, such as " Oh Yeah", "Shining Light", " Girl from Mars" ...
produced the recordings, with bassist Mark Hamilton and drummer McMurray acting as associate producers. Described as a pop and
power pop Power pop (also typeset as powerpop) is a form of pop rock based on the early music of bands such as the Who, the Beatles, the Beach Boys, and the Byrds. It typically incorporates melodic hooks, vocal harmonies, an energetic performance, and ch ...
album, ''Twilight of the Innocents'' placed emphasis on Hamilton's bass parts. Preceded by a UK tour in early 2007, " You Can't Have It All" was released as the
lead single A lead single (also known as a debut single) is the first single to be released from a studio album by an artist or a band, usually before the album itself is released and also occasionally on the same day of the album's release date. Release s ...
in April 2007. The second single "
Polaris Polaris is a star in the northern circumpolar constellation of Ursa Minor. It is designated α Ursae Minoris ( Latinized to ''Alpha Ursae Minoris'') and is commonly called the North Star or Pole Star. With an apparent magnitude that ...
" appeared in mid June, prior to the album. The band promoted it with four consecutive shows at the Koko in London, before headlining the Rip Curl Boardmasters 07 festival, and appearing at the
Reading and Leeds Festivals The Reading and Leeds Festivals are a pair of annual music festivals that take place in Reading and Leeds in England. The events take place simultaneously on the Friday, Saturday and Sunday of the August bank holiday weekend. The Reading Festiv ...
. " End of the World" was released as the third single in September, which was followed by a UK. In 2008, the band toured Japan, played a one-off show in New York, performed at
Download Festival Download Festival is a British-created rock festival created by Terrance Gough, held annually at the Donington Park motorsport circuit in Leicestershire, England (since 2003); in Paris, France (since 2016); at Parramatta Park, Sydney (since 201 ...
, and headlined the Ben and Jerry's Sundae festival ''Twilight of the Innocents'' received generally positive reviews from
music critics Music journalism (or music criticism) is media criticism and reporting about music topics, including popular music, classical music, and traditional music. Journalists began writing about music in the eighteenth century, providing commentary on w ...
, some of whom commented highlighted the use of strings, and the band's consistent writing. The album peaked at number 26 in Ireland, and number 32 in the UK. All of the singles charted in the UK, with "You Can't Have It All" reaching the highest at number 16.


Background and production

Ash released their fourth studio album, ''
Meltdown Meltdown may refer to: Science and technology * Nuclear meltdown, a severe nuclear reactor accident * Meltdown (security vulnerability), affecting computer processors * Mutational meltdown, in population genetics Arts and entertainment Music * Me ...
'', in May 2004. To promote the album, the band went on headlining tours in Europe, the United Kingdom and the United States, as well as supporting the Darkness and U2. A few months after the album's release, the band toyed with the idea of releasing an acoustic album as a stop-gap release until their next studio album, which they aimed to record by mid 2005. During 2005, frontman
Tim Wheeler Timothy James Arthur Wheeler (born 4 January 1977) is a Northern Irish singer, songwriter, and musician for the alternative rock band Ash. He has written nearly all of Ash's notable works, such as " Oh Yeah", "Shining Light", " Girl from Mars" ...
and bassist Mark Hamilton moved from London to New York City, while drummer Rick McMurray remained in Edinburgh, Scotland. For the rest of the year, Wheeler and Hamilton worked on new material for their next release. On 20 January 2006, guitarist
Charlotte Hatherley Charlotte Franklin Hatherley (born 20 June 1979) is an English singer, songwriter, guitarist and soundtrack composer. She initially came to prominence as guitarist and backing vocalist for alternative rock band Ash. Since leaving Ash in 2006, sh ...
left the band. Wheeler stated in 2007 that it was the band's decision for Hatherley to leave, as she wished to be a solo artist while also remain in the band, where he "could tell her heart wasn't in it". By June 2006, the band were recording their new album in New York City, working with 27 potential ideas for songs. The sessions were held at Bang Studios, a studio the band leased from a friend of a friend; Wheeler served as the producer, with Hamilton and McMurray acting as associate producers. Claudius Mittendorfer, James Brown, Jon Kaplan, and Dan Myers acted as engineers. In September, the band played their first gig in over a year, and their first since returning to a three-piece. The show was held in New York City, and featured the debut of two new songs. Out of 30 tracks, the band opted to record 14 of them. By October 2006, they had finished 13 of the songs, and had planned to re-do two of them, spending 12 hours per day in the studio. In November, Wheeler was recording his vocals, while also re-working the lyrics for every song. Strings were recorded by
Steve Churchyard Steve Churchyard is an English record producer, recording engineer and mixer who began his career at Sir George Martin’s AIR Studios in London. He currently resides in the United States. He has been nominated for 15 Grammy awards. In 2008 he wo ...
at
Capitol Studios Capitol Studios are recording studios located at the landmark Capitol Records Tower in Hollywood, California. The studios, which opened in 1956, were initially the primary recording studios for the American record label Capitol Records. While t ...
in Los Angeles, California. Recording was completed by January 2007, and
Michael H. Brauer Michael Brauer is a New York-based mix engineer. He received a Grammy for "Best Pop Vocal Album" for his work on John Mayer's ''Continuum (John Mayer album), Continuum'', "Best Alternative Album" for Coldplay's ''Parachutes (Coldplay album), Parachu ...
was brought in to mix the tracks at Quad Studios in New York City. He was assisted Will Hensley, who also acts as the
Pro Tools Pro Tools is a digital audio workstation (DAW) developed and released by Avid Technology (formerly Digidesign) for Microsoft Windows and macOS. It is used for music creation and production, sound for picture (sound design, audio post-productio ...
engineer. Chris Athens mastered the recordings at Sterling Sound, also in New York City.


Composition

Musically, the sound of ''Twilight of the Innocents'' has been described as pop, and
power pop Power pop (also typeset as powerpop) is a form of pop rock based on the early music of bands such as the Who, the Beatles, the Beach Boys, and the Byrds. It typically incorporates melodic hooks, vocal harmonies, an energetic performance, and ch ...
. It had an increased emphasis on Hamilton's basslines as there was more room for his instrument due to the decision to return to a three-piece. As a result, Hamilton had to be more creative with his bass playing,
Paul Buckmaster Paul John Buckmaster (13 June 1946 – 7 November 2017) was a Grammy Award-winning British cellist, arranger, conductor and composer, with a career spanning five decades. He is best known for his orchestral collaborations with David Bowie, Sha ...
arranged and conducted the strings heard throughout the album. '' The Nerve'' writer Adam Simpkins compared it to the band's debut studio album, ''
1977 Events January * January 8 – Three bombs explode in Moscow within 37 minutes, killing seven. The bombings are attributed to an Armenian separatist group. * January 10 – Mount Nyiragongo erupts in eastern Zaire (now the Democratic R ...
'' (1996), "in that the songs are crisp, overflowing with emotional angst and sing-a-long choruses.Simpkins 2007, p. 25 The album opens with the
indie rock Indie rock is a Music subgenre, subgenre of rock music that originated in the United States, United Kingdom and New Zealand from the 1970s to the 1980s. Originally used to describe independent record labels, the term became associated with the mu ...
track "I Started a Fire", and is followed by the indie-disco song " You Can't Have It All", which features
flamenco Flamenco (), in its strictest sense, is an art form based on the various folkloric music traditions of southern Spain, developed within the gitano subculture of the region of Andalusia, and also having historical presence in Extremadura and ...
guitar parts. Wheeler called it a "bitchy love song" that deals with "bi-polar emotions." The guitar riffs in "Blacklisted" recalled the
hair metal Hair is a protein filament that grows from hair follicle, follicles found in the dermis. Hair is one of the defining characteristics of mammals. The human body, apart from areas of glabrous skin, is covered in follicles which produce thick ter ...
flourishes of ''Meltdown''. The piano-driven string ballad "
Polaris Polaris is a star in the northern circumpolar constellation of Ursa Minor. It is designated α Ursae Minoris ( Latinized to ''Alpha Ursae Minoris'') and is commonly called the North Star or Pole Star. With an apparent magnitude that ...
" channels the sound of
Coldplay Coldplay are a British rock band formed in London in 1997. They consist of vocalist and pianist Chris Martin, guitarist Jonny Buckland, bassist Guy Berryman, drummer Will Champion and creative director Phil Harvey. They met at University Col ...
and Feeder. Wheeler wrote the hook while at a villa in France belonging to U2; it opens with a demo recording of the song. "Palace of Excess" sees Wheeler singing in
falsetto ''Falsetto'' (, ; Italian diminutive of , "false") is the vocal register occupying the frequency range just above the modal voice register and overlapping with it by approximately one octave. It is produced by the vibration of the ligamentous ed ...
during the chorus sections, and incorporates
electronic Electronic may refer to: *Electronics, the science of how to control electric energy in semiconductor * ''Electronics'' (magazine), a defunct American trade journal *Electronic storage, the storage of data using an electronic device *Electronic co ...
touches. The
stadium rock Arena rock (also known as AOR, melodic rock, stadium rock, anthem rock, pomp rock, corporate rock and dad rock; ; ) is a style of rock music that originated in the mid-1970s. As hard rock bands and those playing a softer yet strident kind of po ...
song " End of the World" talks about
light pollution Light pollution is the presence of unwanted, inappropriate, or excessive use of artificial Visible spectrum, lighting. In a descriptive sense, the term ''light pollution'' refers to the effects of any poorly implemented lighting, during the day ...
, and followed by the
ska Ska (; ) is a music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1950s and was the precursor to rocksteady and reggae. It combined elements of Caribbean mento and calypso with American jazz and rhythm and blues. Ska is characterized by a walki ...
-esque "Ritual". The
Brill Building The Brill Building is an office building at 1619 Broadway on 49th Street in the New York City borough of Manhattan, just north of Times Square and further uptown from the historic musical Tin Pan Alley neighborhood. It was built in 1931 as t ...
-like "Shadows" is followed by the
pop punk Pop punk (or punk pop) is a rock music genre that combines elements of punk rock with power pop or pop. It is defined for its emphasis on classic pop songcraft, as well as adolescent and anti-suburbia themes, and is distinguished from other pu ...
track "Princess Six". The former details the aftermath of a break up. "Dark and Stormy" is a
garage rock Garage rock (sometimes called garage punk or 60s punk) is a raw and energetic style of rock and roll that flourished in the mid-1960s, most notably in the United States and Canada, and has experienced a series of subsequent revivals. The sty ...
song with a
Strokes A stroke is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain causes cell death. There are two main types of stroke: ischemic, due to lack of blood flow, and hemorrhagic, due to bleeding. Both cause parts of the brain to stop functionin ...
-indebted bass part. "Shattered Glass" is done in the vein of the
Foo Fighters Foo Fighters are an American rock band formed in Seattle in 1994. Foo Fighters was initially formed as a one-man project by former Nirvana drummer Dave Grohl. Following the success of the eponymous debut album, Grohl (lead vocals, guitar) re ...
and
Manic Street Preachers Manic Street Preachers, also known simply as the Manics, are a Welsh Rock music, rock band formed in Blackwood, Caerphilly, Blackwood in 1986. The band consists of cousins James Dean Bradfield (lead vocals, lead guitar) and Sean Moore (musician ...
. The album closes with the
progressive rock Progressive rock (shortened as prog rock or simply prog; sometimes conflated with art rock) is a broad genre of rock music that developed in the United Kingdom and United States through the mid- to late 1960s, peaking in the early 1970s. Init ...
-influenced "Twilight of the Innocents", which features
Muse In ancient Greek religion and mythology, the Muses ( grc, Μοῦσαι, Moûsai, el, Μούσες, Múses) are the inspirational goddesses of literature, science, and the arts. They were considered the source of the knowledge embodied in the ...
-styled drum parts, electronic flourishes and a string section. The track started as a few loops that were later turned, after some editing and parts being moved around, into the final version over the course of six months.


Release

In February and March 2007, the band embarked on the High Education UK tour. On 23 February, "I Started a Fire" was posted online as a free download. On 29 March, ''Twilight of the Innocents'' was announced for release in July; in the month leading up to the announcement, the band held an online game of hangman in an attempt for fans to guess the title. The following week, the band posted the album's track listing online. " You Can't Have It All" was released as a single on 16 April. The CD version featured "Saskia", while the digital version included acoustic and demos versions of "You Can't Have It All". In May and June, the band appeared at the
Isle of Skye The Isle of Skye, or simply Skye (; gd, An t-Eilean Sgitheanach or ; sco, Isle o Skye), is the largest and northernmost of the major islands in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland. The island's peninsulas radiate from a mountainous hub dominated ...
and
Isle of Wight Festival The Isle of Wight Festival is a British music festival which takes place annually in Newport on the Isle of Wight, England. It was originally a counterculture event held from 1968 to 1970. The 1970 event was by far the largest of these early ...
s. Preceded by three Ireland shows, "Polaris" was released on 18 June 2007. The CD version featured "Come on Over", while the digital version included the demo and remix versions of "Polaris". ''Twilight of the Innocents'' was released on 29 June through
Infectious Records An infection is the invasion of tissues by pathogens, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce. An infectious disease, also known as a transmissible disease or communicable di ...
; the band viewed it as their last album, with Wheeler explaining that "you find yourself waiting six months between finishing a record and releasing it. ... can record a track and release it the next day if we feel like it". In 2016, Wheeler revealed it was more so to break out of the "album-tour-album-tour cycle". Two versions were released in Japan, one with "Saskia", and the other with "Saskia" and a bonus live disc. To promote its release, the Ash performed four consecutive shows at the Koko in London. In August, the band headlined the Rip Curl Boardmasters 07 festival, and performed at the
Reading and Leeds Festivals The Reading and Leeds Festivals are a pair of annual music festivals that take place in Reading and Leeds in England. The events take place simultaneously on the Friday, Saturday and Sunday of the August bank holiday weekend. The Reading Festiv ...
. "End of the World" was released on 10 September 2007; the CD version featured "Seventh Circle", "Wasted on You", and "Statis in Darkness". Two versions were released on 7" vinyl, one with "Suicide Girls", and the other with "Shattered Glass". In October and November, the band embarked on a tour of the UK. In March 2008, the band went on a brief tour of Japan, before playing a one-off show in New York City on St. Patrick's Day. In June and July, they appeared at
Download Festival Download Festival is a British-created rock festival created by Terrance Gough, held annually at the Donington Park motorsport circuit in Leicestershire, England (since 2003); in Paris, France (since 2016); at Parramatta Park, Sydney (since 201 ...
, and headlined the Ben and Jerry's Sundae festival in July. "You Can't Have It All" and "Twilight of the Innocents" were included on the band's second and third compilation albums, '' The Best of Ash'' (2011) and ''Teenage Wildlife: 25 Years of Ash'' (2020). ''Twilight of the Innocents'' was reissued on CD through BMG in 2019.


Reception

''Twilight of the Innocents'' was met with generally positive reviews from
music critics Music journalism (or music criticism) is media criticism and reporting about music topics, including popular music, classical music, and traditional music. Journalists began writing about music in the eighteenth century, providing commentary on w ...
. At
Metacritic Metacritic is a website that review aggregator, aggregates reviews of films, TV shows, music albums, video games and formerly, books. For each product, the scores from each review are averaged (a weighted arithmetic mean, weighted average). M ...
, the album received an
average In ordinary language, an average is a single number taken as representative of a list of numbers, usually the sum of the numbers divided by how many numbers are in the list (the arithmetic mean). For example, the average of the numbers 2, 3, 4, 7, ...
score of 70, based on 9 reviews. ''
Stylus Magazine ''Stylus Magazine'' was an American online music and film magazine, launched in 2002 and co-founded by Todd L. Burns. It featured long-form music journalism, four daily music reviews, movie reviews, podcasts, an MP3 blog, and a text blog. Addi ...
'' writer Nick Southall wrote that beside "a few clichéd song titles and lyrics", ''Twilight of the Innocents'' "demonstrates a refreshing maturity and breadth". He called it "a fine record even if it’s not their best." ''
Hot Press ''Hot Press'' is a fortnightly music and politics magazine based in Dublin, Ireland, founded in June 1977. The magazine has been edited since its inception by Niall Stokes. History ''Hot Press'' was founded in June 1977 by Niall Stokes, who co ...
'' Kilian Murphy wrote that the band "successfully re-ignited their creative spark", marking a "welcome return to form." Daniel Martin of ''
NME ''New Musical Express'' (''NME'') is a British music, film, gaming, and culture website and brand. Founded as a newspaper in 1952, with the publication being referred to as a 'rock inkie', the NME would become a magazine that ended up as a f ...
'' called the album a "reassuringly pop collection" that was "stretched out with strings and emotion", and added that it was "an artistic watermark" for the band. ''
Pitchfork A pitchfork (also a hay fork) is an agricultural tool with a long handle and two to five tines used to lift and pitch or throw loose material, such as hay, straw, manure, or leaves. The term is also applied colloquially, but inaccurately, to th ...
'' contributor Joe Tangari wrote that apart from the first two songs, "you couldn't mistake this for anybody but Ash." He went on further to state that some of tracks "go a little too far with the crunching stop-start bits and displays of power, at the expense of songwriting, ... but otherwise, this is a good album". ''
Drowned in Sound ''Drowned in Sound'', sometimes abbreviated to ''DiS'', is a UK-based music webzine financed by artist management company Silentway. Founded by editor Sean Adams, the site features reviews, news, interviews, and discussion forums. History ''D ...
'' Mike Haydock said the album was "surprisingly, frustratingly, bafflingly good", complete with "fresh and consistent" tracks. He added that Wheeler's voice is "still woefully uncharismatic, ...
hough Hough may refer to: * Hamstringing, or severing the Achilles tendon of an animal * the leg or Tibia, shin of an animal (in the Scots language), from which the dish potted hough is made * Hough (surname) Communities United Kingdom * Hough, Alderle ...
he should have pruned a couple of songs here rather than over-stretching to 12 songs."
AllMusic AllMusic (previously known as All Music Guide and AMG) is an American online music database. It catalogs more than three million album entries and 30 million tracks, as well as information on musicians and bands. Initiated in 1991, the databas ...
reviewer Jon O'Brien wrote that the album "focuses on a mature, emotive, and cinematic direction which showcases ... Wheeler's underrated songwriting abilities." Though he said Wheeler's "lackluster vocals remain a constant hindrance, his thin, reedy tones often struggling to make any impact", it was overall a "reassuringly strong collection of potential hits ... it's a pretty accomplished swansong." ''
The Line of Best Fit ''The Line of Best Fit'' is an independent online magazine based in London, concentrating on new music. It publishes independent music reviews, features, interview, and media. Founded by Richard Thane in February 2007 and currently edited by P ...
'' writer Rich Hughes said the majority of the tracks were "drenched in stacks of production", complete with " rings, sirens and layered guitars ...
hat A hat is a head covering which is worn for various reasons, including protection against weather conditions, ceremonial reasons such as university graduation, religious reasons, safety, or as a fashion accessory. Hats which incorporate mecha ...
take the edge off proceedings." He added that if the band paired the album down "then maybe we’d have something more interesting, as it is, this is merely OK." Vik Bansal of ''
musicOMH MusicOMH (stylized as musicOMH) is a London-based online music magazine which publishes independent reviews, features and interviews from across all genres including classical, metal, rock and R&B. History MusicOMH was founded and launched by ...
'' found the band to be leaving "behind the supercharged rock tendencies" of their past album, and "instead return to more mid-paced musical matters." ''
The Guardian ''The Guardian'' is a British daily newspaper. It was founded in 1821 as ''The Manchester Guardian'', and changed its name in 1959. Along with its sister papers ''The Observer'' and ''The Guardian Weekly'', ''The Guardian'' is part of the Gu ...
'' Dorian Lynskey called it "far more adventurous than one might expect", and upon highlighting the strings and piano, he stated that the "wheel remains un-reinvented, but at least it has acquired a new lick of paint."
Yahoo! Music Yahoo! Music was a brand under which Yahoo! provided a variety of music services, including Internet radio, music videos, news, artist information, and original programming. Previously, users with Yahoo! accounts could gain access to hundreds of ...
writer Adam Webb viewed the album as "a pretty bog-standard Ash collection, nothing more, nothing less." In a similar sentiment, Simpkins said: "Like the last few albums by Weezer, Twilight's tracks all follow the same stale formula with a painfully unoriginal production". ''Twilight of the Innocents'' entered the charts at number 26 in Ireland, and number 32 in the UK. "You Can't Have It All" charted at number 16 in the UK. "Polaris" charted at number 32 in the UK. "End of the World" charted at number 62 in the UK.


Track listing

All songs were written by
Tim Wheeler Timothy James Arthur Wheeler (born 4 January 1977) is a Northern Irish singer, songwriter, and musician for the alternative rock band Ash. He has written nearly all of Ash's notable works, such as " Oh Yeah", "Shining Light", " Girl from Mars" ...
. #" I Started a Fire" – 4:25 #" You Can't Have It All" – 3:35 #"Blacklisted" – 3:46 #"
Polaris Polaris is a star in the northern circumpolar constellation of Ursa Minor. It is designated α Ursae Minoris ( Latinized to ''Alpha Ursae Minoris'') and is commonly called the North Star or Pole Star. With an apparent magnitude that ...
" – 4:32 #"Palace of Excess" – 3:38 #" End of the World" – 4:20 #"Ritual" – 3:43 #"Shadows" – 3:55 #"Princess Six" – 3:54 #"Dark and Stormy" – 4:15 #"Shattered Glass" – 5:02 #"Twilight of the Innocents" – 6:21


Personnel

Personnel per booklet. Ash *
Tim Wheeler Timothy James Arthur Wheeler (born 4 January 1977) is a Northern Irish singer, songwriter, and musician for the alternative rock band Ash. He has written nearly all of Ash's notable works, such as " Oh Yeah", "Shining Light", " Girl from Mars" ...
– vocals, guitars, keyboards, programming * Mark Hamilton – bass * Rick McMurray – drums, percussion Additional musicians *
Paul Buckmaster Paul John Buckmaster (13 June 1946 – 7 November 2017) was a Grammy Award-winning British cellist, arranger, conductor and composer, with a career spanning five decades. He is best known for his orchestral collaborations with David Bowie, Sha ...
– string arrangements, conductor Producer * Tim Wheeler – producer, engineer * Mark Hamilton – associate producer, art direction * Rick McMurray – associate producer * Claudius Mittendorfer – engineer * James Brown – engineer * Jon Kaplan – engineer * Dan Myers – engineer *
Steve Churchyard Steve Churchyard is an English record producer, recording engineer and mixer who began his career at Sir George Martin’s AIR Studios in London. He currently resides in the United States. He has been nominated for 15 Grammy awards. In 2008 he wo ...
– strings recording *
Michael H. Brauer Michael Brauer is a New York-based mix engineer. He received a Grammy for "Best Pop Vocal Album" for his work on John Mayer's ''Continuum (John Mayer album), Continuum'', "Best Alternative Album" for Coldplay's ''Parachutes (Coldplay album), Parachu ...
– mixing * Will Hensley – mixing assistant, Pro Tools engineer * Chris Athens – mastering * B+ – photography * Mark Caylor – art direction


Charts


References

Citations Sources *


External links


''Twilight of the Innocents''
at
YouTube YouTube is a global online video platform, online video sharing and social media, social media platform headquartered in San Bruno, California. It was launched on February 14, 2005, by Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, and Jawed Karim. It is owned by ...
(streamed copy where licensed) {{Authority control 2007 albums Ash (band) albums Infectious Records albums